How are pitch bends notated?

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tepples
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How are pitch bends notated?

Post by tepples »

For well over a year, I have been asked to add pitch bends to my music engine Pently. How are pitch bends typically notated in a musical score?

As a child, I took piano lessons and played trumpet in the school concert band. The piano is a discrete-pitch instrument. So are most instruments in a concert band, which use keys or valves to select a pitch. Only a fretless instrument is capable of a continuous pitch slide from one note to another. These include voice, fretless string instruments, and slide wind instruments such as the trombone or slide whistle. I really wasn't exposed to a lot of music heavily exploiting this while growing up, other than as a variant realization of grace notes. So the music theory that grew in my head over these years didn't have much to say about pitch bends.

A pitch can be represented in one of three ways:
  1. Period: Time between repeats of the waveform
  2. Frequency: Repeats of the waveform per unit time, reciprocal of pitch
  3. Log frequency: Logarithm of the ratio between the frequency of the waveform and that of the first note of the scale. This most closely matches human perception of pitch.
Most of classical music theory is based on relationships in the log frequency domain. Equal temperament measures intervals in "semitones", a logarithm to the base twelfth root of two. For example, an octave (2:1 frequency ratio) is 12 semitones, and a perfect fifth (3:2 frequency ratio) is 7 semitones.

But synthesizers don't directly use log frequency. Instead, they use either period or frequency. Like string instruments, classic square wave based synths (e.g. AY-3-8910, SN76489, Atari TIA, 2A03, VRC6, and Game Boy PSG) use period, as do some samplers (Amiga and Nintendo DS). FM chips (e.g. YM2612) and other samplers (e.g. Sony S-DSP) use frequency instead, sometimes with a power-of-2 prescaler to set the octave.

Because my experience before designing Pently was for discrete-pitch instruments, I designed Pently to use discrete pitch. But later, I ran into issues with video game music composers who rejected Pently for not having the portamento and vibrato effects. I figured out a way to make vibrato whose depth in log frequency is the same at any pitch, using an algorithm that would be easy to adapt to either a period synth or a frequency synth and with the oscillation frequency fixed at 4 to 5 Hz, which I found most typical in instrumental music.

But portamento is a different beast entirely, as it involves two different pitches. Try to slide the period linearly, as most Amiga-style trackers do, and it'll sound faster at high pitches because there each period step is larger in log-frequency space. Try to slide the frequency linearly, and it'll sound faster at low pitches because there each frequency step is larger in log-frequency space. Sliding the log frequency is difficult on an 8-bit processor, as many music engines operate using a lookup table from log frequency to period or frequency, with one entry per semitone. For a pitch bend of less than an octave, a linear period or frequency slide is unlikely to matter. But the composer who requested this feature has a habit of using bends that are both very slow (a semitone over the course of a quarter note) and very fast (multiple octaves in a sixteenth note), and a multi-octave bend sounds noticeably different when done as period, frequency, or log frequency.

So I was hoping to look for inspiration from musical notation for strings, trombone, or voice to see how they approach pitch bend.

If you fail to understand anything in this question, let me know the first thing you failed to understand, and I will try to explain further or draw and attach an illustration.
lidnariq
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by lidnariq »

A few things I remember from music theory and band:
wikipedia:Glissando
wikipedia:wikipedia:Slide (musical ornament)

I don't know if any of these help...
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by rainwarrior »

There isn't really a standard notation. The glissando as a wiggly line like in the article lidnariq linked is well known enough-- have seen it in lots of trombone parts in classical scores. It's a bit ambiguous though, since it originally comes from harp or keyboards where you're dragging your hand along the strings/keys producing a series of discrete notes. (Kind of a holdover from the 19th century.)

Some really pedantic ones put the word mark "gliss." over the squiggly line (or even just over a phrase ligature). Some use very atrocious notation like a series of small chromatic notes despite it being a continuous slide. I don't recommend that. I'd also ignore the funny marks you see in that "slide" article that was linked. They're quite archaic and not well known unless you study Baroque music (17-18th century), which that article is narrowly about despite its generic seeming title.


On many modern scores I've seen just a straight line instead of the squiggly line, which looks nicer and cleaner, IMO. Usually it applies to scores for instruments with an inherent slide, like trombone, slide guitar, etc.

I'd generally recommend just doing that (straight line) if it's an instrument where slides are common, but if it's an instrument where they're less common or you think it's ambiguous you might put a clarifying mark like "(slide)" over the first one in the piece?


The definitive guide to music notation is this book by Gardner Read: Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice

If you have interest in the topic I'd highly recommend that book. It's very well written, and is a very comprehensive survey of good ideas for musical notation.
Last edited by rainwarrior on Fri Oct 07, 2016 12:54 pm, edited 7 times in total.
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by rainwarrior »

Might also be worth noting, lilypond does it with \glissando, which produces a straight line.

Somewhat related, I used lilypond to make a score for a saxophone transcrption, and then later wrote an NES program to play it back. I used lilypond's glissando feature, but I added a custom \glissin to notate a bend into a note from below (common in this particular piece), and increased the thickness of the lines: coltrane.ly
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rainwarrior
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by rainwarrior »

One more note about precision. Gliss marks are not normally used in a precise way. If the notation seems a bit "loose" it's because most of the time the application of the slide is left for the human performer to interpret.

While a precise slide should have a start and end note that the slide goes between, there are lots of occasions where a precise starting pitch or timing isn't needed (e.g. pitch bend into a note). For a precise starting pitch but imprecise timing, you can use a small note ("grace" note) to start the slide, like in the example I gave above. If a start or end pitch doesn't need to be specified, the gliss mark might terminate at a vague location. (Often trombone "fall" marks are sort of a curve line with a rough or tapered end to indicate the vagueness of its end.)

Precise timing is more difficult to express, i.e. if there are two notes with a gliss between, when does the gliss start and stop? In a lot of cases precision is not expected, but where it is, I've seen a convention that the gliss should last the entire length of the note preceding the gliss mark (starting immediately at the start of that note) and finish on the note following it. If you want to end on a pitch but also end the tone at the same time, you could place a small note before a rest, and gliss to that. If you need a held pitch before starting the gliss, make two notes and tie them, then start the gliss from a second one (i.e. holds for the duration of first note, then begins gliss from second one) that goes to a third note where the gliss ends.

Imprecise pitch effects get used a lot in Jazz, see this article under "Effect Articulations" for some examples, though there is a bit of variety between various pulishers here. The examples in the article are fairly common and understood, but there's alternative ways to do everything. ;)

(I keep saying "small note" instead of "grace note" because there's some for whom it means a very specific thing.)

(Also, sorry for 3 posts. I'm a trombone player with a degree in music, so it's kind of in my sphere of interest.)
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by JRoatch »

As for the technical hurdles for implementing logarithmic frequency slides, maybe this article titled A 9-bit pitch technique by lft might inspire some solution. The basic premise is working with a 48 step per octave scale.
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by dougeff »

In guitar tabs, slides are done like this.

5/7 (slide from 5th fret to 7th)
3\1 (slide from 3rd fret to 1st)

5~~~ (vibrato)

A bend is done like this
5b6 (bend 5th fret equivalent to the next fret, ie. 1/2)
5\4/5 (start 5th fret, tremolo bar dip down to 4 and back)

I've also seen...
5^ (slight bend up and back down)

Edit, I suppose b would be confusing, since it's also used for flat notes.

Also..
< volume swell
> volume fade
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by Bregalad »

There is several approaches :

1) Do not handle the logarithmic aspect at all. Just compute the pitch value written to hw registers, and interpolate from those and/or just add constant values to those modifying pitch/period directly. Many early sound engine does this, for instance in Battletoads & Double Dragon at the end of Level 3 you can observe a sound effect which is a pitch sliding down for a long period of time, it goes lower and lower at a slower and slower pace, simply because some constant is being added to the square waves pitch. Also all Squaresoft SNES SPC sounds functions like that. I do not know other engines because I haven't reverse engineered them, but I suspect many works like that.

2) Use a pitch system internally with a precision lower than a note. For instance, a precision of 32 points per semitone is nice to have, allowing to have 384 points per octave. Have a period table of those 384 points, and shift the values left and right to reach other octaves. My sound engines works like that, but also the one of Just Breed on the NES, which I reverse engineered its sound engine.

One big problem with this solution when applied to the NES platform is that vibratos of small amplitude becomes problematic at higher pitches (i.e. lower periods), as the hw period register is less precise than the 32 point per semitones used internally, leading to a weird effect I cannot describe in english. Actually this is a problem with all solutions anyway, but it's particularly notable here.

3) Same a 2, but use a regular pitch table having only points for notes, i.e. a normal pitch table. Use linear interpolation between two notes, then the pitch slide becomes linear on a global scope, but logarithmic between two adjacent notes. I doubt anyone would notice the difference. The note table can be either one octave or all octaves - it doesn't matter at this point. I do not know of any sound engine using this technique, but I'll probably use it whenever I'll ever write any new sound enigne, as it allows saving ROM for a pitch table of 384 semitoes, and the loss of precision is negligible.
As a child, I took piano lessons and played trumpet in the school concert band. The piano is a discrete-pitch instrument. So are most instruments in a concert band, which use keys or valves to select a pitch
Actually a trumpeter can reach at least one semitone of pitch just by moving its lips. Vibrato is indeed possible to have in a trumpet, but is difficult to perform at the higher and lower range of the instrument.
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by rainwarrior »

Bregalad wrote:Actually a trumpeter can reach at least one semitone of pitch just by moving its lips. Vibrato is indeed possible to have in a trumpet, but is difficult to perform at the higher and lower range of the instrument.
It's relatively easy to produce vibrato on a trumpet just by gently moving the trumpet back and forth while playing it. ;)
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by Bregalad »

rainwarrior wrote: It's relatively easy to produce vibrato on a trumpet just by gently moving the trumpet back and forth while playing it. ;)
But doing it that way is wrong, at least I have been taugth. Don't ask why, the guy who was my professor back then told the only 2 proper ways to do it were with the lips and with the air, I never managed to do the 2nd way so if I want to do a vibrato I do it with lips, it's actually pretty simple.
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by Myask »

Huh. Never heard that, though I only took a little bit of trumpet.

It seems like you have two questions:
X. how can I get an exponential curve on my period when shifting cheaply?

4) do like the sweep unit in the APU does, and shift the current period right N bits to add to it, thereby getting free exponential curve like you want, as d/dp ~ p.

Or perhaps use a table by octave number with your slide speed. In *some* manner make [ab]use of the fact that an octave change changes the frequency/period by a factor of 2, which is a cheap operation.

Y. how is a pitch-bend notated?
I didn't know, but I did find some handy-looking answers searching.
http://www.frankgambale.com/guitar_notation_legend.pdf is the best set of visual answers I found. https://musescore.org/en/node/17458 says that they're generally notated as glissandos or slurs.
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by tepples »

Thanks rainwarrior for the trombone player's perspective.
Bregalad wrote:Use linear interpolation between two notes, then the pitch slide becomes linear on a global scope, but logarithmic between two adjacent notes.
That's what I'd do on an SPC700, which can multiply Y by A. But multiplication is quite a bit slower on a 6502.
Myask wrote:It seems like you have two questions:
X. how can I get an exponential curve on my period when shifting cheaply?

4) do like the sweep unit in the APU does, and shift the current period right N bits to add to it, thereby getting free exponential curve like you want, as d/dp ~ p.
That's similar to what I'm doing for vibrato: multiplying the current period by an approximate sinusoid, shifting right N bits, and then adding that to the note's period. But to put that into practice for portamento, I'd need to know whether a shift amount like that has enough resolution to cover all musically useful portamento speeds, especially whether I'd need to also make it proportional to the scale distance from the starting pich to the ending pitch.
Y. how is a pitch-bend notated?
I didn't know, but I did find some handy-looking answers searching.
http://www.frankgambale.com/guitar_notation_legend.pdf is the best set of visual answers I found. https://musescore.org/en/node/17458 says that they're generally notated as glissandos or slurs.
Thanks. Mostly I was looking for notation as a way of estimating what sort of data I'm expected to include in a digital representation of a bend in a score so that the player can interpret that data.
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by rainwarrior »

Bregalad wrote:
rainwarrior wrote: It's relatively easy to produce vibrato on a trumpet just by gently moving the trumpet back and forth while playing it. ;)
But doing it that way is wrong, at least I have been taugth. Don't ask why, the guy who was my professor back then told the only 2 proper ways to do it were with the lips and with the air, I never managed to do the 2nd way so if I want to do a vibrato I do it with lips, it's actually pretty simple.
Yeah, it's probably not the best technique, but I've known players that do it. (example)
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by zzo38 »

As far as I know there is no notation for pitch bend. If there isn't one then it can be made up; in order to do so, figure out what is Italian words for pitch bend (I guess "portamento" is probably the closest word, which is known in English as well specifically for this purpose) and then that is the notation. Perhaps combine it with the glissando notation; and then the words specify that it is a continuous pitch slide. (I don't expect it help much with designing Pently, but it can help if you want to notate it I suppose. Figuring out best way to make the bend seem more difficult.)
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Re: How are pitch bends notated?

Post by tepples »

The connection between an ornament's notation and its representation in Pently is that if I can see what different composers have notated as to their intent with this ornament, specifically how it differs from the discrete grace notes that are already supported, I can design the representation to match the most common intents.
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